/* Part of SWI-Prolog Author: Jan Wielemaker E-mail: J.Wielemaker@vu.nl WWW: http://www.swi-prolog.org Copyright (c) 2015-2017, VU University Amsterdam All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */ :- module(solution_sequences, [ distinct/1, % :Goal distinct/2, % ?Witness, :Goal reduced/1, % :Goal reduced/3, % ?Witness, :Goal, +Options limit/2, % +Limit, :Goal offset/2, % +Offset, :Goal order_by/2, % +Spec, :Goal group_by/4 % +By, +Template, :Goal, -Bag ]). :- use_module(library(nb_set)). :- use_module(library(error)). :- use_module(library(apply)). :- use_module(library(lists)). :- use_module(library(ordsets)). :- use_module(library(option)). /** Modify solution sequences The meta predicates of this library modify the sequence of solutions of a goal. The modifications and the predicate names are based on the classical database operations DISTINCT, LIMIT, OFFSET, ORDER BY and GROUP BY. These predicates were introduced in the context of the [SWISH](http://swish.swi-prolog.org) Prolog browser-based shell, which can represent the solutions to a predicate as a table. Notably wrapping a goal in distinct/1 avoids duplicates in the result table and using order_by/2 produces a nicely ordered table. However, the predicates from this library can also be used to stay longer within the clean paradigm where non-deterministic predicates are composed from simpler non-deterministic predicates by means of conjunction and disjunction. While evaluating a conjunction, we might want to eliminate duplicates of the first part of the conjunction. Below we give both the classical solution for solving variations of (a(X), b(X)) and the ones using this library side-by-side. $ Avoid duplicates of earlier steps : == setof(X, a(X), Xs), distinct(a(X)), member(X, Xs), b(X) b(X). == Note that the distinct/1 based solution returns the first result of distinct(a(X)) immediately after a/1 produces a result, while the setof/3 based solution will first compute all results of a/1. $ Only try b(X) only for the top-10 a(X) : == setof(X, a(X), Xs), limit(10, order_by([desc(X)], a(X))), reverse(Xs, Desc), b(X) first_max_n(10, Desc, Limit), member(X, Limit), b(X) == Here we see power of composing primitives from this library and staying within the paradigm of pure non-deterministic relational predicates. @see all solution predicates findall/3, bagof/3 and setof/3. @see library(aggregate) */ :- meta_predicate distinct(0), distinct(?, 0), reduced(0), reduced(?, 0, +), limit(+, 0), offset(+, 0), order_by(+, 0), group_by(?, ?, 0, -). %! distinct(:Goal). %! distinct(?Witness, :Goal). % % True if Goal is true and no previous solution of Goal bound % Witness to the same value. As previous answers need to be % copied, equivalence testing is based on _term variance_ (=@=/2). % The variant distinct/1 is equivalent to distinct(Goal,Goal). % % If the answers are ground terms, the predicate behaves as the % code below, but answers are returned as soon as they become % available rather than first computing the complete answer set. % % == % distinct(Goal) :- % findall(Goal, Goal, List), % list_to_set(List, Set), % member(Goal, Set). % == distinct(Goal) :- distinct(Goal, Goal). distinct(Witness, Goal) :- term_variables(Witness, Vars), Witness1 =.. [v|Vars], empty_nb_set(Set), call(Goal), add_nb_set(Witness1, Set, true). %! reduced(:Goal). %! reduced(?Witness, :Goal, +Options). % % Similar to distinct/1, but does not guarantee unique results in % return for using a limited amount of memory. Both distinct/1 and % reduced/1 create a table that block duplicate results. For % distinct/1, this table may get arbitrary large. In contrast, % reduced/1 discards the table and starts a new one of the table size % exceeds a specified limit. This filter is useful for reducing the % number of answers when processing large or infinite long tail % distributions. Options: % % - size_limit(+Integer) % Max number of elements kept in the table. Default is 10,000. reduced(Goal) :- reduced(Goal, Goal, []). reduced(Witness, Goal, Options) :- option(size_limit(SizeLimit), Options, 10_000), term_variables(Witness, Vars), Witness1 =.. [v|Vars], empty_nb_set(Set), State = state(Set), call(Goal), reduced_(State, Witness1, SizeLimit). reduced_(State, Witness1, SizeLimit) :- arg(1, State, Set), add_nb_set(Witness1, Set, true), size_nb_set(Set, Size), ( Size > SizeLimit -> empty_nb_set(New), nb_setarg(1, State, New) ; true ). %! limit(+Count, :Goal) % % Limit the number of solutions. True if Goal is true, returning % at most Count solutions. Solutions are returned as soon as they % become available. limit(Count, Goal) :- Count > 0, State = count(0), call(Goal), arg(1, State, N0), N is N0+1, ( N =:= Count -> ! ; nb_setarg(1, State, N) ). %! offset(+Count, :Goal) % % Ignore the first Count solutions. True if Goal is true and % produces more than Count solutions. This predicate computes and % ignores the first Count solutions. offset(Count, Goal) :- Count > 0, !, State = count(0), call(Goal), arg(1, State, N0), ( N0 >= Count -> true ; N is N0+1, nb_setarg(1, State, N), fail ). offset(Count, Goal) :- Count =:= 0, !, call(Goal). offset(Count, _) :- domain_error(not_less_than_zero, Count). %! order_by(Spec, Goal) % % Order solutions according to Spec. Spec is a list of terms, % where each element is one of. The ordering of solutions of Goal % that only differ in variables that are _not_ shared with Spec is % not changed. % % - asc(Term) % Order solution according to ascending Term % - desc(Term) % Order solution according to descending Term order_by(Spec, Goal) :- must_be(list, Spec), non_empty_list(Spec), maplist(order_witness, Spec, Witnesses0), join_orders(Witnesses0, Witnesses), non_witness_template(Goal, Witnesses, Others), reverse(Witnesses, RevWitnesses), maplist(x_vars, RevWitnesses, WitnessVars), Template =.. [v,Others|WitnessVars], findall(Template, Goal, Results), order(RevWitnesses, 2, Results, OrderedResults), member(Template, OrderedResults). order([], _, Results, Results). order([H|T], N, Results0, Results) :- order1(H, N, Results0, Results1), N2 is N + 1, order(T, N2, Results1, Results). order1(asc(_), N, Results0, Results) :- sort(N, @=<, Results0, Results). order1(desc(_), N, Results0, Results) :- sort(N, @>=, Results0, Results). non_empty_list([]) :- !, domain_error(non_empty_list, []). non_empty_list(_). order_witness(Var, _) :- var(Var), !, instantiation_error(Var). order_witness(asc(Term), asc(Witness)) :- !, witness(Term, Witness). order_witness(desc(Term), desc(Witness)) :- !, witness(Term, Witness). order_witness(Term, _) :- domain_error(order_specifier, Term). x_vars(asc(Vars), Vars). x_vars(desc(Vars), Vars). witness(Term, Witness) :- term_variables(Term, Vars), Witness =.. [v|Vars]. %! join_orders(+SpecIn, -SpecOut) is det. % % Merge subsequent asc and desc sequences. For example, % [asc(v(A)), asc(v(B))] becomes [asc(v(A,B))]. join_orders([], []). join_orders([asc(O1)|T0], [asc(O)|T]) :- !, ascs(T0, OL, T1), join_witnesses(O1, OL, O), join_orders(T1, T). join_orders([desc(O1)|T0], [desc(O)|T]) :- !, descs(T0, OL, T1), join_witnesses(O1, OL, O), join_orders(T1, T). ascs([asc(A)|T0], [A|AL], T) :- !, ascs(T0, AL, T). ascs(L, [], L). descs([desc(A)|T0], [A|AL], T) :- !, descs(T0, AL, T). descs(L, [], L). join_witnesses(O, [], O) :- !. join_witnesses(O, OL, R) :- term_variables([O|OL], VL), R =.. [v|VL]. %! non_witness_template(+Goal, +Witness, -Template) is det. % % Create a template for the bindings that are not part of the % witness variables. non_witness_template(Goal, Witness, Template) :- ordered_term_variables(Goal, AllVars), ordered_term_variables(Witness, WitnessVars), ord_subtract(AllVars, WitnessVars, TemplateVars), Template =.. [t|TemplateVars]. ordered_term_variables(Term, Vars) :- term_variables(Term, Vars0), sort(Vars0, Vars). %! group_by(+By, +Template, :Goal, -Bag) is nondet. % % Group bindings of Template that have the same value for By. This % predicate is almost the same as bagof/3, but instead of % specifying the existential variables we specify the free % variables. It is provided for consistency and complete coverage % of the common database vocabulary. group_by(By, Template, Goal, Bag) :- ordered_term_variables(Goal, GVars), ordered_term_variables(By+Template, UVars), ord_subtract(GVars, UVars, ExVars), bagof(Template, ExVars^Goal, Bag).